{"id":518,"date":"2021-02-05T16:44:12","date_gmt":"2021-02-05T16:44:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/rv444.georgetown.domains\/?page_id=518"},"modified":"2021-02-05T17:12:21","modified_gmt":"2021-02-05T17:12:21","slug":"findings","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/rv444.georgetown.domains\/findings\/","title":{"rendered":"Findings"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-ugb-feature ugb-feature ugb-03f9b27 ugb-feature--v2 ugb-feature--design-plain ugb-main-block\"><style>@media screen and (min-width:768px){.ugb-03f9b27 .ugb-feature__item{grid-template-columns:0.66fr 1.34fr !important}.ugb-03f9b27 .ugb-img{width:920px;height:auto !important}}<\/style><div class=\"ugb-inner-block\"><div class=\"ugb-block-content\"><div class=\"ugb-feature__item\"><div class=\"ugb-feature__content\"><h2 class=\"ugb-feature__title\">Highest Volume Hashtags<\/h2><p class=\"ugb-feature__description\">Tweets &amp; Retweets<\/p><\/div><div class=\"ugb-feature__image-side\"><img class=\"ugb-feature__image ugb-img wp-image-533\" src=\"http:\/\/rv444.georgetown.domains\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/hashtags-1024x457.png\" alt=\"\" height=\"411\" srcset=\"http:\/\/rv444.georgetown.domains\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/hashtags-1024x457.png 1024w, http:\/\/rv444.georgetown.domains\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/hashtags-300x134.png 300w, http:\/\/rv444.georgetown.domains\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/hashtags-768x343.png 768w, http:\/\/rv444.georgetown.domains\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/hashtags.png 1084w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"alignfull wp-block-ugb-container ugb-container ugb-aac170f ugb-container--v2 ugb-container--design-plain ugb-main-block ugb-main-block--inner-center ugb--has-block-background\"><style>.ugb-aac170f.ugb-container{background-color:#f8f8f8}.ugb-aac170f.ugb-container:before{background-color:#f8f8f8}<\/style><div class=\"ugb-inner-block ugb-inner-block--center\"><div class=\"ugb-block-content\"><div class=\"ugb-container__wrapper ugb-aac170f-wrapper\"><div class=\"ugb-container__side\"><div class=\"ugb-container__content-wrapper ugb-aac170f-content-wrapper\">\n<h3><strong>#FakeNews in first place.<\/strong>&nbsp; <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Of the hundreds of hashtags we have been tracking, in 2017 and 2018, #FakeNews topped the list.&nbsp; We should note that the term originated during the 2016 election in response to misinformation and disinformation circulating around Hillary Clinton.&nbsp; Soon after the election, however, President-elect Donald Trump began employing the term in Orwellian fashion: to refer to fact-based news that was critical of him as \u201cfake news,\u201d thus clouding and distorting the term\u2019s original meaning.&nbsp; Trump\u2019s goal in disparaging the newsmedia, which he himself described in an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/trump-60-minutes-lesley-stahl-press-comments-1540887\">interview<\/a> with <em>60 Minutes<\/em>, was to discredit legitimate news sources (especially CNN, the <em>New York Times<\/em> and the <em>Washington Post<\/em>) so consumers of news would discount negative stories about him.&nbsp; Outside the United States, however, the term \u201cfake news\u201d in this time period was still being employed in a non-Orwellian way, in other words to describe misinformation and disinformation.&nbsp; \u201cFake news\u201d has furthermore been adopted by French speakers and is a frequently occuring anglicism.&nbsp; This hashtag underscores the need for cultural and historical interpretation of the data we are able to pull from Twitter.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong>#Brexit.<\/strong>&nbsp; <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Brexit in this period dominated French-language conversations on Twitter, outstripping even conversations involving #Macron.&nbsp; Brexit is followed by further hot-button issues from this time period.&nbsp; Brexit loomed large for the French economy, as well as political questions around the future stability of the European Union, which in this time frame was under significant pressure from euroskeptics across the continent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3><br><strong>#Russia and #Putin could easily be merged.<\/strong>&nbsp; <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Viewed in that light, conversations around Vladimir Putin\u2019s autocracy would eclipse #France.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ugb-feature ugb-feature ugb-553099d ugb-feature--v2 ugb-feature--design-plain ugb-feature--invert ugb-main-block\"><style>@media screen and (min-width:768px){.ugb-553099d .ugb-feature__item{grid-template-columns:1.38fr 0.62fr !important}.ugb-553099d .ugb-img{width:920px;height:auto !important}}<\/style><div class=\"ugb-inner-block\"><div class=\"ugb-block-content\"><div class=\"ugb-feature__item\"><div class=\"ugb-feature__content\"><h2 class=\"ugb-feature__title\">Tweet Language<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"ugb-feature__image-side\"><img class=\"ugb-feature__image ugb-img wp-image-538\" src=\"http:\/\/rv444.georgetown.domains\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/language-1024x399.png\" alt=\"\" height=\"358\" srcset=\"http:\/\/rv444.georgetown.domains\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/language-1024x399.png 1024w, http:\/\/rv444.georgetown.domains\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/language-300x117.png 300w, http:\/\/rv444.georgetown.domains\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/language-768x300.png 768w, http:\/\/rv444.georgetown.domains\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/language.png 1123w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"alignfull wp-block-ugb-container ugb-container ugb-b2bdd50 ugb-container--v2 ugb-container--design-plain ugb-main-block ugb-main-block--inner-center ugb--has-block-background\"><style>.ugb-b2bdd50.ugb-container{background-color:#f8f8f8}.ugb-b2bdd50.ugb-container:before{background-color:#f8f8f8}<\/style><div class=\"ugb-inner-block ugb-inner-block--center\"><div class=\"ugb-block-content\"><div class=\"ugb-container__wrapper ugb-b2bdd50-wrapper\"><div class=\"ugb-container__side\"><div class=\"ugb-container__content-wrapper ugb-b2bdd50-content-wrapper\">\n<p>These images help us understand how conversations on Twitter around two major French political figures differ across languages. Most salient here is the fact that #LePen appears more frequently in conversations in English, German, and Italian than does #Macron. This is especially so in English. This suggests that Marine Le Pen\u2014the leader of the notorious far-right Rassemblement National political party and self-styled oppositionist to President Emmanuel Macron\u2014has been granted outsized importance on the global stage relative to her electoral potential in her home country. Indeed, it is possible that her notoriety and extremism garner her more attention outside France than is warranted.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"alignwide wp-block-ugb-feature-grid ugb-feature-grid ugb-fd6e293 ugb-feature-grid--v2 ugb-feature-grid--columns-2 ugb-feature-grid--design-basic ugb-main-block\"><style>.ugb-fd6e293 .ugb-feature-grid__item{border-radius:0px !important}.ugb-fd6e293 .ugb-feature-grid__image{margin-bottom:0px !important}.ugb-fd6e293 .ugb-block-title{text-align:center;margin-bottom:-1px}<\/style><div class=\"ugb-inner-block\"><h2 class=\"ugb-block-title\">Impact of Language <\/h2><div class=\"ugb-block-content\"><div class=\"ugb-feature-grid__item ugb-feature-grid__item1 ugb--shadow-0\"><div class=\"ugb-feature-grid__image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"784\" height=\"630\" class=\"ugb-img wp-image-542\" src=\"http:\/\/rv444.georgetown.domains\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Macron.png\" alt=\"Level\" srcset=\"http:\/\/rv444.georgetown.domains\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Macron.png 784w, http:\/\/rv444.georgetown.domains\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Macron-300x241.png 300w, http:\/\/rv444.georgetown.domains\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Macron-768x617.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 784px) 100vw, 784px\" \/><\/div><div class=\"ugb-feature-grid__content\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ugb-feature-grid__item ugb-feature-grid__item2 ugb--shadow-0\"><div class=\"ugb-feature-grid__image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"805\" height=\"637\" class=\"ugb-img wp-image-543\" src=\"http:\/\/rv444.georgetown.domains\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/lepen-1.png\" alt=\"Elevation\" srcset=\"http:\/\/rv444.georgetown.domains\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/lepen-1.png 805w, http:\/\/rv444.georgetown.domains\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/lepen-1-300x237.png 300w, http:\/\/rv444.georgetown.domains\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/lepen-1-768x608.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 805px) 100vw, 805px\" \/><\/div><div class=\"ugb-feature-grid__content\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"alignfull wp-block-ugb-container ugb-container ugb-fc70544 ugb-container--v2 ugb-container--design-plain ugb-main-block ugb-main-block--inner-center ugb--has-block-background\"><style>.ugb-fc70544.ugb-container{background-color:#f8f8f8}.ugb-fc70544.ugb-container:before{background-color:#f8f8f8}<\/style><div class=\"ugb-inner-block ugb-inner-block--center\"><div class=\"ugb-block-content\"><div class=\"ugb-container__wrapper ugb-fc70544-wrapper\"><div class=\"ugb-container__side\"><div class=\"ugb-container__content-wrapper ugb-fc70544-content-wrapper\">\n<h3 id=\"block-06965c66-5d3b-45ba-a941-2560cfe6f69b\"><strong>How does language affect topics of conversation or the ways in which discourse is shaped?<\/strong>&nbsp; <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"block-06965c66-5d3b-45ba-a941-2560cfe6f69b\">These images provide a partial answer, illustrating the impact of language on Twitter conversations and hashtag usage.&nbsp; These Venn diagrams show the top hashtags that co-occur alongside #Macron, #LePen, and #GiletsJaunes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"block-f397b054-2bc4-4401-938b-e3d17f79bf4a\">A few observations:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul id=\"block-a9e7dc37-49c0-4639-8bbb-a01fefc57431\"><li>The scandal around <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-france-macron-benalla\/frances-benalla-affair-the-scandal-macron-cant-shake-idUSKCN1Q21TA\">Alexandre Benalla<\/a> had a strong and lasting impact on French-language conversations around Macron.&nbsp; It did not, however, appear in the top 19 co-occurring hashtags in English-language conversations.<\/li><li>Macron\u2019s top co-occurring hashtags in English tend to reflect his stature as a world leader.&nbsp; They furthermore reflect the global importance of American domestic politics as well as the high volume of conversations around Russia and Vladimir Putin.<\/li><li>The Gilets Jaunes movement was a notable topic of French and English-language conversations in relation to both France and Macron.<\/li><li>#LePen co-occurred in French with hashtags referencing marginal and extremist politicians (on both the left and the right).&nbsp; This includes Jean-Luc M\u00e9lenchon (leader of the far-left La France Insoumise) and Nicolas Dupont-Aignan, a sovereignist French politician and president of the party Debout la France.&nbsp; #Macron, on the other hand, tended to co-occur with more mainstream figures (former French president Fran\u00e7ois Hollande and the centrist Fran\u00e7ois Bayrou, for example)<\/li><li>#Frexit, the short-lived French answer to Brexit, was not a prominent issue in French-language conversations but it was in English-language tweets about Marine Le Pen.&nbsp; This again suggests that the perception of French politics in the Anglophone world differs from that in the Francophone world.<\/li><li>Regarding the Gilets Jaunes movement, given the overall tenor of discussions around the movement on Twitter that #Violencespolici\u00e8res was the most frequently co-occurring hashtag in French-language tweets.<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"featured_image_urls":{"full":"","thumbnail":"","medium":"","medium_large":"","large":"","post-slider-thumb-size":"","1536x1536":"","2048x2048":"","ect-jetpack-portfolio-featured":"","ect-featured-content":"","ect-service":"","post-thumbnail":"","signify-slider":"","signify-featured-content":"","jetpack-portfolio-admin-thumb":"","featured-content-admin-thumb":"","service-admin-thumb":""},"post_excerpt_stackable":"<p>Highest Volume HashtagsTweets &amp; Retweets #FakeNews in first place.&nbsp; Of the hundreds of hashtags we have been tracking, in 2017 and 2018, #FakeNews topped the list.&nbsp; We should note that the term originated during the 2016 election in response to misinformation and disinformation circulating around Hillary Clinton.&nbsp; Soon after the election, however, President-elect Donald Trump began employing the term in Orwellian fashion: to refer to fact-based news that was critical of him as \u201cfake news,\u201d thus clouding and distorting the term\u2019s original meaning.&nbsp; Trump\u2019s goal in disparaging the newsmedia, which he himself described in an interview with 60 Minutes, was&hellip;<\/p>\n","category_list":"","author_info":{"name":"admin","url":"http:\/\/rv444.georgetown.domains\/author\/admin\/"},"comments_num":"0 comments","_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/rv444.georgetown.domains\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/518"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/rv444.georgetown.domains\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/rv444.georgetown.domains\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/rv444.georgetown.domains\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/rv444.georgetown.domains\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=518"}],"version-history":[{"count":22,"href":"http:\/\/rv444.georgetown.domains\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/518\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":556,"href":"http:\/\/rv444.georgetown.domains\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/518\/revisions\/556"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/rv444.georgetown.domains\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=518"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}